• General Energy Equation Conservation of energy principle states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
• Simplified Bernoulli Equation Steady flow system in which no work is done on or by the fluid, no heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no change occurs in the internal energy
• Head The term head is used by engineers in reference to pressure.
• Energy Conversions in Fluid Systems Energy Conversions in Fluid Systems Bernoulli's Equation
• Restrictions on the Simplified Bernoulli Equation Restrictions on the Simplified Bernoulli Fluid
• Extended Bernoulli Bernoulli equation can be modified to take into account gains and losses of head.
• Application of Bernoulli's Equation to a Venturi A venturi, may be analyzed using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation.

Two-Phase Fluid Flow

• Two-Phase Fluid Flow Two-phase flow occurs in a system containing gas and liquid with a meniscus separating the two phases
• Flow Instability Unstable flow can occur in the form of flow oscillations or flow reversals.
• Pipe Whip If a pipe were to rupture, the reaction force created by the high velocity fluid jet could cause the piping to displace and cause extensive damage
• Water Hammer Water hammer is a liquid shock wave resulting from the sudden starting or stopping of flow.
• Pressure spike Pressure spike is the resulting rapid rise in pressure above static pressure caused by water hammer.
• Steam Hammer Steam hammer is a power hammer driven by steam.
• Operational Considerations Practical Application Water and steam hammer are not uncommon occurrences in industrial plants.

Centrifugal Pumps

• Energy Conversion in a Centrifugal Pump Energy Conservation in a Centrifugal Pump
• Operating Characteristics of a Centrifugal Pump Centrifugal pump produces a relatively low pressure increase in the fluid.
• Cavitation Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles are swept along the pump impeller with the fluid.
• Net Positive Suction Head Centrifugal pumps generally obey what are known as the pump laws.
• System Head Characteristic Curve Head Loss Piping System Review | Head Loss Curve
• System Operating Point The point at which a pump operates in a given piping system depends on the flow rate and head loss of that system.
• System Use of Multiple Centrifugal Pumps System Use of Multiple Centrifugal Pumps
• Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel If the inlet and the outlet of each pump are at identical points in the system, each pump must produce the same pump head.
• Centrifugal Pumps in Series Centrifugal pumps are used in series to overcome a larger system head loss than one pump can compensate for individually.

Fluids and Flow Calculators

• Capillary Liquid Rise and Fall Equations and Calculator
• Partially Full Pipe Flow Calculator Determines the Flow within a partially full pipe using the Manning equation.
• Hydrostatic Pressure vs Depth Liquid Table Chart Hydrostatic Pressure vs Depth Water Table Chart and Equation
• Manometer Application Equation for Pressure Manometer is an instrument for measuring gas or vapor pressure- especially at low levels.
• Manometer Pressure Calculator U-Tube Manometer Measuring Pressure Calculator
• Pipe Flow with Gradual Size Enlargement Formula and Calculator
• Pressure Tube Anemometer Air Flow Measurement Equation
• Stream Power Formulas and Calculator Stream power is a geomorphology concept that is a measure of the available energy a stream has for moving sediment, rock, or woody material.

Pumps, Components, and Technology

• Air Gas Compressor Air compressor is a machine that pressurizes or compresses air.
• Common Pump Problems & Possible Simple Solution Common Pump Problems & Possible Simple Solution
• Control Valves Operation and Application
• Horsepower Required to Compress Air Horsepower Required to Compress Air Table Chart
• Linear Actuator Review Linear actuator is a mechanism or assembly that creates motion and force along a straight line utilizing an externally applied energy source
• Pipeline Pigs, Pigging Review Known as "pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline.
• Oil mist Eliminators Review Oil Mist Eliminators trap or filter out oil mist created by machines before the mist is expelled into the ambient environment.
• Pipe Friction Calculations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow Pipe Friction drives the pipe size requirements within a fluid flow system and is dependant on the piping system design requirements
• Series and Parallel Pump Spreadsheet Calculator
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Piping Hardware Design Data

• Allowable Stresses for Pipe and Tube B36.10M - Steel pipe is manufactured by several processes. Seamless pipe (Type S), made by piercing or extruding, has no longitudinal seam. >
• API Integral-Joint tubing Recommended Torque Table API IJ integral-joint tubing is available in OD sizes of 1.315 to 2.063 in.
• API NUE Tubing Recommended Torque Table Recommended Torque Table for API NUE Tubing.
• API Tubing Engineering Table Chart API Tubing Engineering Table Chart
• API Tubing Grade & Specifications The following guidelines apply to the use of API tubing grades.
• API Casing 4.500 - 5.000 Dia. Engineering Data Table Specification 5C3 of the American Petroleum Institute standardizes 14 casing sizes from 4.5 inches (11.43 cm) to 20 inches (50.80 cm) outside diameter
• API Casing 5.000 - 5.500 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 5.00 - 5.50.
• API Casing 5.500 - 6.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 5.50 - 6.625.
• API Casing 6.625 - 7.000 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 6.625 - 7.000 Dia.
• API Casing 7.000 - 7.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.000 - 7.625 Dia. Table
• API Casing 7.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.625 Dia. Table
• API Casing 7.625 - 8.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.625 - 8.625 Dia. Table
• API Casing 9.625 - 10.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table PI Casing 9.625 - 10.750 Dia. Table
• API Casing 10.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 10.750 Dia. Table
• API Casing 10.750 - 11.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table PI Casing 10.750 - 11.750 Dia. Table
• API Casing 11.750 - 13.375 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 11.750 - 13.375 Dia. Table
• API Casing 13.500 - 18.375 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 13.500 - 18.375 Dia. Table
• Air Pressure Loss per Foot in Steel Pipe Table Estimated pressure drop at the given CFM of free air flow for steel pipe.
• Barlow's Formula, Calculator and MAOP Design Factors Barlow's formula is used to verify that pipe used for gathering, transmission, and distribution lines can safely withstand operating pressures.
• Chézy and Manning's Equation Manning's equation, which is based on Chezy's equation, is method to calculate the free surface flow within a channel.
• Copper Tubing Size Chart ASTM B88 Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: TYPE K
• Copper Tubing HVAC Size Chart Copper Tubing HVAC Size Chart- Size and Physical Characteristics
• Copper Tube Size Chart Medical Gas, K and L Physical Characteristics Chart of Copper Tube: Medical Gas, K and L per. ASTM B 819.
• Design for Pipe and Tube Forming Premium Membership Required
• Design for Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Welding
• Discharge of Air Through An Orifice Discharge of Air Through An Orifice Equation
• Hazen-Williams Water Pressure Drop Flow Rates Calculator Equation Hazen-Williams Water Pressure Drop Flow Rates Equations and Calculator
• Hazen-Williams Coefficients Table Typical C factors used in the Hazen Williams equation
• Isentropic Flow Relationships
• Steel Pipe Flow Friction Loss for sizes 10" to 12 " inch diameter
• Friction Losses in Steel Pipes size 0.5 to 1.25 inch diameter
• Friction Loss in Steel Pipe 1.5" to 3" inch diameter
• Steel Pipe Flow Loss Friction for sizes 4 " to 8 " inch diameter
• Friction Losses to Water Flow in Copper Pipes Size 0.5 to 1.00 inch diameter
• Friction Flow Losses in Copper Tubing of Water in Sizes 1.25 to 1.5 inch diameter
• Friction Flow Losses in Copper Tubing of Water in Sizes 2 to 3 inch diameter
• Internal Dryseal Pipe Thread Tap Drill Sizes Recommendations Dryseal pipe threads are designated by specifying in sequence nominal size, thread series symbol, and class:
• Hollow vs Solid Shafting Relative Strength and Weight Calculator
• Kinematics Viscosity Equation Application kinematics viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity to the density.
• Kinematics Viscosity Table Chart Average Kinematics Viscosity for selected liquid fluids.
• L Pipe Bend Guided Cantilever Beam Equation and Calculator The guided cantilever beam method of evaluating L bends can be used to design L bends, Z bends, pipe loops, branch take-off connections, and some more complicated piping configurations.
• Lames Equation Thick-walled Cylinders of Brittle Material, Ends Open or Closed Formula and Calculator
• Torque Table for API UEU Tubing Recommended Torque for UEU Tubing
• Flow Losses for Valves and Fittings in Equivalent Feet if Pipe.
• Fluid Energy Loss in Fittings and Valves Formula, Calculator and Tables There are two standard ways to calculate the energy lost in fittings and valves: the resistance coefficient method, and the equivalent length method. The method chosen will depend on what information is provided with the fitting to be analyzed.
• Pipe Thermal Expansion U Shape Loop Equations and Calculator for Pipe Thermal expansion will occur between all fixed points in a piping system. If the system has the same covering height, natural fixed points will occur in the center of a line section between two expansion elbows.
• Fluid Flow Open Channel Calculator Chezy and Manning's equation to determine the wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, flow area, Chezy coefficient and flow velocity
• Ovality (Roundness) of a Tube or Pipe Formulas and Calculator
• Pitot Tube Velocity of Fluid Flow Measurement Pitot tube stagnation pressure equation for an incompressible fluid
• Pipe per. Threads EN 10226-1 Calculator
• Pipe Diameter Based on & Friction Factor Calculator Calculator will determine pipe diameter required based on Head Loss, hL, Frictional Pressure Drop, DPf, for given flow rate, Q, pipe diameter, D, pipe length, L, pipe roughness, e, and fluid properties, r & m.
• Pipe Flow Rate Based on & Friction Factor Calculator Calculator will determine pipe diameter required based on Head Loss, hL, Frictional Pressure Drop, DPf, for given flow rate, Q, pipe diameter, D, pipe length, L, pipe roughness, e, and fluid properties, r & m.
• Pipe Friction Head Loss, Friction Pressure, and Frictional Pressure Equations and Calculator Pipe Friction Head Loss, Friction Pressure, and Frictional Pressure Equations and Calculator
• Pipe Bends Minimum Wall Thickness Design Calculator per. ASME B31.3
• Manning's Roughness Coefficient Gauckley Chezy Manning coefficient, often denoted as n , is an empirically derived coefficient
• Nozzle, Water Flow Table Units in Cubic Feet per Second
• Pex (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) Specifications PEX is a polymeric material formed by the chemical joining of individual polyethylene molecules in a process called crosslinking. Crosslinking alters the performance of the original polyethylene polymer improving several key properties.
• Pipe Friction Calculations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow Pipe Friction drives the pipe size requirements within a fluid flow system and is dependant on the piping system design requirements.
• Pipe Thread Installation Torque Table Chart Brass and steel Pipe thread (NPT) installation procedure and torque specification table
• Hazen-Williams Method for Pipe Friction and Pressure Drop Hazen-Williams formula:
• Estimated Pressure Drop for Thermoplastic Lined Fittings and Valves Estimated Pressure Drop for Thermoplastic Lined Fittings and Valves.
• Pipe Roughness Coefficients Roughness Coefficients of Specific roughness, Hazen-Williams Coefficient and Manning Factor.
• Pipe Stress Due to Sustained Loads Calculator and Equations per. ASME B31.3 - 2020
• Pipe Restrained Longitudinal Stress Components Stress Calculator and Equations per. ASME B31.9
• Pipe Bending Straight Pipe or Large Bends Stress Calculator and Equations per. ASME B31.9
• Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Sizes & Dimensions ANSI American National Standard Schedule 40 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
• Schedule 80 Steel Pipe Sizes & Dimensions ANSI American National Standard Schedule 80 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
• Schedule 40 Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Sizes & Dimensions PVC, CPVC and other Schedule 40 Plastic Pipe.
• Schedule 80 Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Sizes & Dimensions American National Standard Schedule 80 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
• Stainless Steel Pipe per. ASTM A312 and ANSI B36.19
• Metric Pipe Sizes Dn "Diametre Nominel" per ISO vs NPS "Nominal Pipe Size" Equivalent for DN 6 to DN 2200, NPS Schedule 5 to 30
• Metric Pipe Sizes Dn "Diametre Nominel" per ISO vs NPS "Nominal Pipe Size" Equivalent for DN 6 to DN 2200, NPS Schedule 40S to XS / XH
• Metric Pipe Sizes Dn "Diametre Nominel" per ISO vs NPS "Nominal Pipe Size" Equivalent for DN 6 to DN 2200, NPS Schedule 80 to XXS / XXH
• Steel Pipe Pressure Ratings
• Carbon Steel and High Yield Strength Pipe FIG. 17-27 (GPSA BOOK), Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping, Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.8-1982 (Values apply to A106, API 5LX pipe having the same specified minimum yield strength as shown)
• Pressure - Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges, and Flanged Fittings from ANSI B16.5-1981
• Tube Bending Manufacturing Guide Premium membership required
• Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Applications Material characteristics for plastic PVC, CPVC
• Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table 1 Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table
• Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table 2 Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table
• Loss of Pressure Through Screw Pipe Fittings Loss of Pressure Through Screw Pipe Fitting. Each pipeline fitting within the system
• Straight Pipe Threads Table Chart ANSI NPSL ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, American Pipe Threads Standard
• Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Standard Tubes Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Standard Tubes
• Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 40 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 40 Pipe
• Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 80 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 80 Pipe
• Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe
• Pressure Vessel and Piping Weld Joint Reduction Factor - Weld Joint Corrosion Reduction Factor
• Working Internal Pressure for Copper Tube Solder or Brazing Joints Based on ASME Standard B31.9
• Allowable Working Pressures for Carbon Steel Piping
• Allowable Working Pressures for Copper Tubing for copper tubing type ACR used in refrigerant piping systems.

Head Loss

• Head Loss Head loss is the reduction in the total head or pressure of the fluid as it moves through a fluid system.
• Friction Factor Friction factor has been determined to depend on the Reynolds number for the flow and the degree of roughness of the pipes
• Darcy's Equation Darcy's Equation Fluids Flow Equation - also called Darcy Weisbach equation.
• Minor Losses Pressure losses that occur in pipelines due to bends, elbows, joints, valves, etc. are sometimes called minor losses.
• Equivalent Piping Length Equivalent Piping Length Head Loss Equation Fluids

Natural Circulation

• Forced and Natural Circulation Forced and Natural Fluid Circulation
• Thermal Driving Head Thermal driving head is the force that causes natural circulation to take place.
• Conditions Required for Natural Circulation Natural circulation of fluids will only occur if the correct conditions exist.
• Example of Natural Circulation Cooling Natural circulation is frequently the primary means of cooling for pool-type reactors
• Flow Rate and Temperature Difference Fluid Flow Rate and Temperature Difference Review

Fluids Engineering Data

• Fluid Characteristics Chart Table | Fluids Data, Fluids Density | Vapor Pressure | Kinematic Viscosity
• Fluid Characteristics Chart Table #2 | Fluids Data, Fluids Density
• Fluid Mechanics, Course in Theoretical Physics 551 Pages Membership (Minimum Free) Required to view Document/Book
• Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Vacuum Systems and Design

• Converting scfm to acfm Equations and Calculator Flow Rate Measurement scfm (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) and acfm (Actual Cubic Feet per Minute) Calculator
• Equivalence Table for Pressure/Vacuum Measurements (pressure reduction of 2 torr corresponds to 0.232% vacuum)
• Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology Dr. Walter Umrath, 200 Pages
• Knudsen Number (Kn) Equation and Calculator
• High Vacuum Technology fundamental properties of gases and vapors and their flow behavior
• Pressure Drop High Vacuum System Pipes per. Outlet Branch
• Pressure Loss Data for Sizing Vacuum Pipe, Low Pressure Vacuum System
• Time for Pump to Reach Rated Vacuum The time a given pump will take to reach its rated vacuum pressure depends on the volume of the system in cubic feet (cubic meters) and the capacity of the pump in scfm (sL/s) at the vacuum-rated pressure.
• Thermal Molecular Velocity of Gas Molecules Vacuum System Formulas and Calculator
• Vacuum Pressure Units Conversion From Torr to Various Units Calculator
• Vacuum Mean Gas Velocity Equations and Calculator
• Vacuum Technology and Space Simulation, NASA, 315 Pages
• Vacuum Engineering Calculations and Applications
• Vacuum Pumping Speed per. ISO 21360-1 Formulas

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

• Airfoil AeroDynamics Characteristics Calculator Mach Number, Reynolds Number, Dynamics Pressure, Viscosity
• Flow Regimes Two flow regimes are laminar flow and turbulent flow
• Laminar Flow Laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.
• Turbulent Flow Turbulent Flow Poseuille Law Equation
• Flow Velocity Profiles Not all fluid particles travel at the same velocity within a pipe.
• Average (Bulk) Velocity Ia single average velocity to represent the velocity of all fluid at that point in the pipe.
• Viscosity Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of the fluid to deforming due to a shear force.
• Ideal Fluid ideal fluid is one that is incompressible and has no viscosity.
• Reynolds Number Reynolds number, based on studies of Osborn Reynolds, is dimensionless number of the physical characteristics of the flow.

Applications Calculators

• One and Two Phase Control Valve Sizing Macro Enabled Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• 3-Stage Propane Refrigeration System Performance Prediction Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Pressure Loss for Basket and Tee Style Strainers Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Mean Slug Length and Slug Volume in Multiphase Horizontal Pipeline Flow Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Actual Contaminated Firewater Volume Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Accumulator Sizing for Water Hammer Prevention in Pipelines Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Storage Tank Baffle Design Excel Spreadsheet Calculator Baffles are required in almost all mixing applications. This excel spreadsheet template contains a series of calculation sheets to assist you in calculating the baffles dimension and position in a tank, when the tank has a central agitator.
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Liners For Steel Pipe Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Thermal Relief Load and Pressure Rise Macro Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Pressure Relief Devices Sizing Macro Excel Spreadsheet Calculator
• Stanton Number Equation and Calculator
• API Separator Sizing Macro-Enabled Excel Spreadsheet Calculator